Obstetric pulmonary embolism and long-term cardiovascular symptoms: a cross-sectional study in Western Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cause of maternal mortality. There are several guidelines for its diagnosis and management, but there is little information regarding follow-up and frequency of long-term complications. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of long-term cardiovascular symptoms in patients who had obstetric PE. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients who had PE during pregnancy or the puerperium. A telephone interview was conducted at least one year after PE, to determine the frequency of cardiovascular symptoms, general health, and COVID-19 infection, considering the study was conducted during the 2020 pandemic. RESULTS: In five years (2015-2019) there were eleven patients with PE, two died during the acute phase, and the rest (nine) were alive and able to answer our interview. Cardiovascular symptoms were common (6, 67 %), the most frequent were fatigue, edema, and mild dyspnea. Four patients (44 %) had slight limitation of physical activity and one (11 %) had PE recurrence. Of the six symptomatic patients four had obesity and one was overweight. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high frequency of long-term cardiovascular symptoms in patients who had PE during pregnancy or the puerperium. Stronger evidence is needed to design a long-term care pathway after obstetric PE.

Factores relacionados con la histerectomía ginecológica por patología benigna en un hospital escuela del occidente de México / Factors related to gynecological hysterectomy for benign pathology in a teaching hospital in western Mexico

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las características clínicas y los desenlaces asociados con las diferentes vías de acceso elegidas para la histerectomía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y transversal consistente en el análisis de la información asentada en los expedientes de pacientes atendidas en el servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Civil de Guadalajara entre el 1 de marzo del 2019 y el 28 de febrero del 2020. En todas las pacientes se estableció la asociación entre la vía de acceso y las complicaciones. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron 790 expedientes de los que 413 reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Se practicaron 262 histerectomías abdominales, 107 por vía vaginal y 44 mediante laparoscopia. La frecuencia de complicaciones fue de 9.2%, el 54% se registró durante el procedimiento quirúrgico. La frecuencia de conversión fue de un caso para histerectomía vaginal (0.9%) y de otro para la laparoscópica (2.2%). La complicación más frecuente fue el sangrado transquirúrgico seguida del reingreso por infección del sitio quirúrgico. La cirugía vaginal fue la que menos complicaciones porcentuales registró; sin embargo, la lesión vesical fue la más común y la única en la que sucedió una defunción, secundaria a choque hipovolémico. La asociación entre la vía de acceso abdominal y las complicaciones muestra que las pacientes con histerectomía abdominal tuvieron tres veces más probabilidades de alguna complicación en comparación con el resto de los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El riesgo de complicaciones es mayor en la histerectomía abdominal, sobre todo en pacientes con peso uterino ≥ 500 g e IMC ≥ 30. Es necesario reforzar las competencias para incrementar la frecuencia de la histerectomía vaginal. Cada vez es más necesario estar a la vanguardia en la aplicación de técnicas de mínima invasión por su ventaja de menor frecuencia de complicaciones.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with the different access routes chosen for hysterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study consisting of the analysis of the information recorded in the records of patients attended in the Gynecology service of the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara between March 1, 2019 and February 28, 2020. The association between the access route and complications was established in all patients. RESULTS: 790 files were reviewed of which 413 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 262 abdominal hysterectomies were performed, 107 vaginally and 44 laparoscopically. The frequency of complications was 9.2%, 54% of which occurred during the surgical procedure. The frequency of conversion was one case for vaginal hysterectomy (0.9%) and another for laparoscopic hysterectomy (2.2%). The most frequent complication was trans-surgical bleeding followed by readmission for surgical site infection. Vaginal surgery had the lowest percentage of complications; however, bladder injury was the most common and the only one in which a death occurred, secondary to hypovolemic shock. The association between abdominal access route and complications shows that patients with abdominal hysterectomy were three times more likely to have some complication compared to the rest of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of complications is higher in abdominal hysterectomy, especially in patients with uterine weight ≥ 500 g and BMI ≥ 30. Skills need to be strengthened to increase the frequency of vaginal hysterectomy. It is increasingly necessary to be at the forefront in the application of minimally invasive techniques because of their advantage of lower frequency of complications.

Birth weight percentiles in Western-Mexico.

Not available.

Effect of supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D on the glycemic profile of women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: The frequency of GDM and vitamin D insufficiency in Mexico is high. Vitamin D supplementation in GDM patients has shown favorable but non-homogeneous results regarding improvement of glycemic profile. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of supplementing with 5,000 IU of vitamin D on the glycemic profile of women with GDM. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on women with GDM who received 5,000 IU of vitamin D (n=27) or a placebo (n=27) for eight weeks. Changes in vitamin D levels and metabolic parameters before and after the intervention were analyzed. RESULTS: Vitamin D vs. placebo: 25-OHD (32 vs. 26 ng/mL, p=0.006), HbA1c (6.0 vs. 6.1%, p=0.29), glucose (99 vs. 87 mg/dL, p=0.29), insulin (14 vs. 13 µIU/mL, p=0.79), HOMA-IR (3.6 vs. 2.6, p=0.55), QUICKI (0.31 vs. 0.33, p=0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with 5,000 IU of vitamin D for eight weeks had no significant effect on the glycemic profile.

SARS-CoV-2 infection among Mexican healthcare workers.

Dear editor: Healthcare workers (HCW) have been the first-line defense against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 infection, for this reason, they are highly exposed and possibly have the greatest risk of contagion...

[Early congenital syphilis, inadequate screening. Case report]. / Sífilis congénita temprana, cribado insuficiente. Reporte de un caso.

Background: Congenital syphilis is still a problem for developing countries, despite the screening options and low cost treatment. Clinical case: 23-day-old male patient with copper colored macules and scaling in palms and soles, as well as hepatomegaly. It was reported a negative TORCH test with VDRL of 1:512 and positive FTA ABS. As maternal history, patient had a 21 year old mother with negative VDRL at 12 weeks pregnant. Despite maternal history, with positive VDRL and FTA ABS, besides the clinical triad, it was diagnosed congenital syphilis. Conclusion: Factors that most influence failing in the prevention of congenital syphilis are inadequate prenatal care, misinterpreting diagnostic tests and not establishing monitoring programs. It is necessary to carry out VDRL tests twice during pregnancy to women who have a risk factor.

Introducción: la sífilis congénita continúa siendo un problema para los países emergentes, a pesar de las opciones de cribado y un tratamiento de bajo costo. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo masculino de 23 días de vida con máculas de color cobrizo con descamación en región palmoplantar y hepatomegalia. Se reportó un TORCH negativo con prueba serológica para la sífilis (VDRL) de 1:512 en el neonato y FTA-ABS positivo. El paciente tenía antecedente de ser hijo de madre de 21 años de edad, con VDRL negativo en el primer trimestre de embarazo. A pesar del antecedente materno, con una VDRL y un FTA-ABS positivo, además de la triada clínica, se hizo el diagnóstico de sífilis congénita. Conclusiones: los factores que más influyen en el fracaso de la prevención de la sífilis congénita son la atención prenatal inadecuada, el fracaso en la interpretación de las pruebas de diagnóstico y en los programas de monitoreo. Es necesario tomar VDRL en dos ocasiones durante la gestación o seriado por trimestre a las madres que presenten algún factor de riesgo.

Factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños mexicanos atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias / Risk factors associated with maltreatment syndrome in Mexican children seen at the Emergency Department

Introducción. El maltrato infantil es causa frecuente de hospitalización en países en desarrollo. Los niños que sufren algún tipo de abuso físico o psicológico pueden desarrollar problemas de adaptación social. Este estudio analiza los factores de riesgo asociados con el síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Urgencias. Población y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles de niños con y sin maltrato infantil en una proporción 1:1, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo más relevantes; se consideró estadísticamente significativo si la P ≤ 0,05. Resultados. Se incluyeron 148 niños con maltrato y 148 sin maltrato. El maltrato fetal fue el más frecuente, seguido del abandono. El agresor, en la mayoría de los casos, fue un familiar o algún conocido del niño. Ser madre adolescente (oddsratio ajustado [ORa] 3,19; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 1,49-6,80), baja educación (ORa 4,70; IC 95 %: 2,33-9,45), ingresos económicos bajos (ORa 2,02; IC 95 %: 1,16-3,5), uso de drogas ilegales (ORa 15,32; IC 95 %: 6,22-37,7), niño con discapacidad (ORa 8,58; IC 95 %: 2,76-26,6) y menores de 2 años (ORa 2,08; IC 95 %: 1,20- 3,63) fueron los factores de mayor riesgo para maltrato infantil. Conclusión. Madres adolescentes con bajo nivel socioeconómico tienen mayor riesgo por parte del cuidador. La discapacidad es un factor de riesgo que se incrementa al doble en el análisis multivariado cuando se asocia madre adolescente y consumo de drogas ilegales

Introduction. Child maltreatment is a common cause of hospitalization in developing countries. Children who suffer some type of physical or psychological abuse may develop social adaptation problems. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with child maltreatment syndrome in children admitted to the Emergency Department. Population and methods. This was a case-control study of children who suffered maltreatment and controls at a 1:1 ratio conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. The most relevant risk factors were analyzed; a p value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In total, 148 children who suffered maltreatment and 148 controls were included. Fetal abuse was the most common problem, followed by neglect. In most cases, the abuser was a relative or acquaintance of the child. Being a teenage mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.19; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-6.80), a low level of education (aOR: 4.70; 95 % CI: 2.33-9.45), a low income (aOR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.5), illegal drug use (aOR: 15.32; 95 % CI: 6.22-37.7), a child with disability (aOR: 8.58; 95 % CI: 2.76-26.6), and age younger than 2 years (aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.63) were the highest risk factors for child maltreatment. Conclusion. Teenage mothers with a low socioeconomic level have the higher risk for abuse from a caregiver. Disability is a risk factor that doubles in the multivariate analysis when associated with teenage mothers.

Risk factors associated with maltreatment syndrome in Mexican children seen at the Emergency Department. / Factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños mexicanos atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias.

INTRODUCTION: Child maltreatment is a common cause of hospitalization in developing countries. Children who suffer some type of physical or psychological abuse may develop social adaptation problems. This study analyzed the risk factors associated with child maltreatment syndrome in children admitted to the Emergency Department. POPULATION AND METHODS: This was a case-control study of children who suffered maltreatment and controls at a 1:1 ratio conducted between January 2015 and December 2016. The most relevant risk factors were analyzed; a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In total, 148 children who suffered maltreatment and 148 controls were included. Fetal abuse was the most common problem, followed by neglect. In most cases, the abuser was a relative or acquaintance of the child. Being a teenage mother (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.19; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-6.80), a low level of education (aOR: 4.70; 95 % CI: 2.339.45), a low income (aOR: 2.02; 95 % CI: 1.16-3.5), illegal drug use (aOR: 15.32; 95 % CI: 6.22-37.7), a child with disability (aOR: 8.58; 95 % CI: 2.7626.6), and age younger than 2 years (aOR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.63) were the highest risk factors for child maltreatment. CONLUSION: Teenage mothers with a low socioeconomic level have the higher risk for abuse from a caregiver. Disability is a risk factor that doubles in the multivariate analysis when associated with teenage mothers.

Introducción: El maltrato infantil es causa frecuente de hospitalización en países en desarrollo. Los niños que sufren algún tipo de abuso físico o psicológico pueden desarrollar problemas de adaptación social. Este estudio analiza los factores de riesgo asociados con el síndrome de maltrato infantil en niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Urgencias. Población y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles de niños con y sin maltrato infantil en una proporción 1:1, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2016. Se analizaron los factores de riesgo más relevantes; se consideró estadísticamente significativo si la P < 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 148 niños con maltrato y 148 sin maltrato. El maltrato fetal fue el más frecuente, seguido del abandono. El agresor, en la mayoría de los casos, fue un familiar o algún conocido del niño. Ser madre adolescente (odds ratio ajustado [ORa] 3,19; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 1,49-6,80), baja educación (ORa 4,70; IC 95 %: 2,33-9,45), ingresos económicos bajos (ORa 2,02; IC 95 %: 1,16-3,5), uso de drogas ilegales (ORa 15,32; IC 95 %: 6,22-37,7), niño con discapacidad (ORa 8,58; IC 95 %: 2,76-26,6) y menores de 2 años (ORa 2,08; IC 95 %: 1,203,63) fueron los factores de mayor riesgo para maltrato infantil. Conclusión: Madres adolescentes con bajo nivel socioeconómico tienen mayor riesgo por parte del cuidador. La discapacidad es un factor de riesgo que se incrementa al doble en el análisis multivariado cuando se asocia madre adolescente y consumo de drogas ilegales.

Hallazgos endoscópicos en el tubo digestivo secundarios a la ingesta de cáusticos en niños atendidos en el Departamento de Urgencias / Endoscopic findings of the digestive tract secondary to caustic ingestion in children seen at the Emergency Department

Antecedentes. La ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría constituye una causa frecuente de atención médica en Urgencias. El uso indiscriminado de limpiadores químicos y la facilidad de adquisición son factores determinantes para estas lesiones. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo analítico. Se incluyeron niños < 16 años, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2017. Se identificó el agente químico cáustico ingerido por el niño como ácido o alcalino. Se realizó una endoscopía digestiva para tipificar el grado de quemadura. Se comparó el grado de quemadura con el tipo de cáustico; por medio de la prueba de chi² o exacta de Fisher, se consideró significativo el valor de P < 0,05. Resultados. Ingresaron 133 niños en Urgencias por ingesta de cáusticos. El agente cáustico fue ácido en el 41 % y alcalino en el 59 %. El agente ácido más frecuente fue el ácido muriático (36,8 %), mientras que el alcalino fue la sosa (soda) cáustica (41,4 %). La quemadura del esófago fue más frecuente en la ingesta de sosa en comparación con otros cáusticos (p= 0,001), mientras que la quemadura del estómago (p= 0,001) y del duodeno (p= 0,002) fue estadísticamente significativa en la ingesta de ácido muriático. El grupo de edad que más frecuentemente ingirió algún cáustico (93,2 %) fueron los menores de 5 años. Conclusiones. El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia fue un agente alcalino, que provocó quemadura esofágica, mientras que un agente ácido provocó quemaduras en el estómago y el duodeno evidenciadas por endoscopía.

Background. Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. Population and methods. Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. Conclusions. The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.

Endoscopic findings of the digestive tract secondary to caustic ingestion in children seen at the Emergency Department. / Hallazgos endoscópicos en el tubo digestivo secundarios a la ingesta de cáusticos en niños atendidos en el Departamento de Urgencias.

BACKGROUND: Caustic ingestion in pediatrics is a common cause of visits to the Emergency Department. An indiscriminate use of cleaning chemicals and an easy access to them are determining factors for these injuries. POPULATION AND METHODS: Descriptive, analytical study. Children aged < 16 years hospitalized between January 1998 and December 2017 were included. The ingested caustic substance was identified as acid or alkaline. A gastrointestinal endoscopy was done to establish the burn grade. The grade of the burn was compared to the type of caustic substance using the χ2 test or the Fisher's exact test; a P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 133 children were admitted to the Emergency Department due to caustic ingestion. The caustic agent was acid in 41 % of cases and alkaline, in 59 %. The most common acid caustic substance was muriatic acid (36.8 %) and the most common alkaline caustic agent was caustic soda (41.4 %). An esophageal burn was the most common consequence of caustic soda ingestion compared to other caustic agents (p = 0.001), whereas muriatic acid ingestion was the most statistically significant cause of stomach burn (p = 0.001) and duodenal burn (p = 0.002). The age group that most commonly ingested some caustic agent (93.2 %) corresponded to children younger than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: The most common type of ingested caustic agent was alkaline, which caused esophageal burn; whereas, the ingestion of an acid caustic substance caused stomach and duodenal burns, as evidenced by endoscopy.

Antecedentes. La ingesta de sustancias cáusticas en pediatría constituye una causa frecuente de atención médica en Urgencias. El uso indiscriminado de limpiadores químicos y la facilidad de adquisición son factores determinantes para estas lesiones. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo analítico. Se incluyeron niños < 16 años, entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2017. Se identificó el agente químico cáustico ingerido por el niño como ácido o alcalino. Se realizó una endoscopía digestiva para tipificar el grado de quemadura. Se comparó el grado de quemadura con el tipo de cáustico; por medio de la prueba de chi2 o exacta de Fisher, se consideró significativo el valor de P < 0,05. Resultados. Ingresaron 133 niños en Urgencias por ingesta de cáusticos. El agente cáustico fue ácido en el 41 % y alcalino en el 59 %. El agente ácido más frecuente fue el ácido muriático (36,8 %), mientras que el alcalino fue la sosa (soda) cáustica (41,4 %). La quemadura del esófago fue más frecuente en la ingesta de sosa en comparación con otros cáusticos (p= 0,001), mientras que la quemadura del estómago (p= 0,001) y del duodeno (p= 0,002) fue estadísticamente significativa en la ingesta de ácido muriático. El grupo de edad que más frecuentemente ingirió algún cáustico (93,2 %) fueron los menores de 5 años. Conclusiones. El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia fue un agente alcalino, que provocó quemadura esofágica, mientras que un agente ácido provocó quemaduras en el estómago y el duodeno evidenciadas por endoscopía.

Virus más frecuentemente aislados en la exacerbación de asma y su correlación con nivelesde eosinófilos e inmunoglobulina E sérica total / Most commonly isolated viruses in asthma exacerbation and their correlation with eosinophil and total serum immunoglobulin E levels

Antecedentes. Las exacerbaciones de asma continúan siendo una causa de hospitalización en el Servicio de Urgencias. Los desencadenantesson alérgenos e infecciones, principalmente, de tipo viral. El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre los virus detectados durante la exacerbación asmática y los niveles de eosinófilos e inmunoglobulina E (IgE) sérica en pacientes pediátricos. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron niños de cinco a quince años atendidos en Urgencias de Pediatría con exacerbación de asma, en el período de marzo de 2013 a febrero de 2016. Se obtuvo ácido ribonucleico viral en el aspirado nasofaríngeo con el kit CLART PneumoVir. Se cuantificaron los eosinófilos en la sangre periférica y los niveles de IgE sérica total. Se consideró eosinofilia un conteo ≥ 0,4 x 103/mm3 e IgE elevada, ≥ 350 UI/L. Se realizó la correlación de Pearson. Se definió significancia con valor de p ≤ 0,05.Resultados. De 211 niños con exacerbación de asma, en el 20%, se aisló un virus. Los virus aislados más frecuentemente fueron el rinovirus, el enterovirus y el virus sincitial respiratorio. Se encontró una correlación entre los niveles de eosinófilos e IgE sérica total en los niños con exacerbación de asma y rinovirus de 0,89, con una p= 0,0001.Conclusiones. Las infecciones por rinovirus, enterovirus y virus sincitial respiratorio son más frecuentes en las exacerbaciones de asma en menores de 15 años. Se observó una correlación entre los niveles de eosinófilos e IgE en presencia de rinovirus.

Background. Asthma exacerbations are still a cause of hospitalization at the Emergency Department. The triggers of asthma exacerbations include allergens and infections ­mostly viral­. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between viruses detected during an asthma exacerbation and eosinophil and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in pediatric patients. Population and methods. Cross-sectional. analytical study. Children aged 5-15 years seen at the Pediatric Emergency Department with an asthma exacerbation in the period between March 2013 and February 2016 were included. Viral ribonucleic acid was extracted from nasopharyngeal aspirates using the CLART Pneumo Vir kit. Eosinophil levels were measured in peripheral blood and total IgE levels, in serum. Eosinophilia was defined as a count ≥ 0.4 x 103/mm3 and high IgE. as a level ≥ 350 IU/L. The Pearson's correlation was carried out. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Results. Out of 211 children with asthma exacerbation, a virus was isolated in 20%. The most commonly isolated viruses were rhinovirus. enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. A correlation of 0.89 was established between eosinophil and total serum IgE levels in children with asthma exacerbation and rhinovirus, with a p value of 0.0001. Conclusions. Rhinovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common viruses in asthma exacerbations in children younger than 15 years. A correlation was established between eosinophil and IgE levels in the presence of rhinovirus.

Most commonly isolated viruses in asthma exacerbation and their correlation with eosinophil and total serum immunoglobulin E levels. / Virus más frecuentemente aislados en la exacerbación de asma y su correlación con niveles de eosinófilos e inmunoglobulina E sérica total.

BACKGROUND: Asthma exacerbations are still a cause of hospitalization at the Emergency Department. The triggers of asthma exacerbations include allergens and infections -mostly viral-. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between viruses detected during an asthma exacerbation and eosinophil and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in pediatric patients. POPULATION AND METHODS: Cross-sectional. analytical study. Children aged 5-15 years seen at the Pediatric Emergency Department with an asthma exacerbation in the period between March 2013 and February 2016 were included. Viral ribonucleic acid was extracted from nasopharyngeal aspirates using the CLART Pneumo Vir kit. Eosinophil levels were measured in peripheral blood and total IgE levels, in serum. Eosinophilia was defined as a count ≥ 0.4 x 103/ mm3 and high IgE. as a level ≥ 350 IU/L. The Pearson's correlation was carried out. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 211 children with asthma exacerbation, a virus was isolated in 20%. The most commonly isolated viruses were rhinovirus. enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. A correlation of 0.89 was established between eosinophil and total serum IgE levels in children with asthma exacerbation and rhinovirus, with a p value of 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinovirus, enterovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus were the most common viruses in asthma exacerbations in children younger than 15 years. A correlation was established between eosinophil and IgE levels in the presence of rhinovirus.

Antecedentes. Las exacerbaciones de asma continúan siendo una causa de hospitalización en el Servicio de Urgencias. Los desencadenantes son alérgenos e infecciones, principalmente, de tipo viral. El objetivo fue determinar la relación entre los virus detectados durante la exacerbación asmática y los niveles de eosinófilos e inmunoglobulina E (IgE) sérica en pacientes pediátricos. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal analítico. Se incluyeron niños de cinco a quince años atendidos en Urgencias de Pediatría con exacerbación de asma, en el período de marzo de 2013 a febrero de 2016. Se obtuvo ácido ribonucleico viral en el aspirado nasofaríngeo con el kit CLART PneumoVir. Se cuantificaron los eosinófilos en la sangre periférica y los niveles de IgE sérica total. Se consideró eosinofilia un conteo ≥ 0,4 x 103/mm3 e IgE elevada, ≥ 350 UI/L. Se realizó la correlación de Pearson. Se definió significancia con valor de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados. De 211 niños con exacerbación de asma, en el 20%, se aisló un virus. Los virus aislados más frecuentemente fueron el rinovirus, el enterovirus y el virus sincitial respiratorio. Se encontró una correlación entre los niveles de eosinófilos e IgE sérica total en los niños con exacerbación de asma y rinovirus de 0,89, con una p= 0,0001. Conclusiones. Las infecciones por rinovirus, enterovirus y virus sincitial respiratorio son más frecuentes en las exacerbaciones de asma en menores de 15 años. Se observó una correlación entre los niveles de eosinófilos e IgE en presencia de rinovirus.

Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis caused by respiratory virus infections among Mexican children in an emergency department.

Severe bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization among children younger than 2 years. This study analyzed the prevalence of community-acquired respiratory virus infection and the risk factors for hospitalization of Mexican children with severe bronchiolitis treated in an Emergency department.This retrospective study included 134 children 2 years or younger with severe viral bronchiolitis, and 134 healthy age-matched controls. The study period was September 2012 to January 2015. We determined the viral etiology and coinfections with multiple viruses and compared the risk factors detected in children with severe viral bronchiolitis with those in the control group.A total of 153 respiratory viruses in these 134 patients, single or mixed infections, were identified: respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) type A or B was the most frequently detected (23.6% and 17.6%, respectively), followed by rhinovirus (RV; 16.3%) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 3 (12.4%). Coinfections of 2 respiratory viruses were found in 14.2% of cases; all cases had either RSV type A or B with another virus, the most common being parainfluenza virus or rhinovirus. Exposure to cigarette smoking was independently associated with hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.99-6.18; P = .0001), and having completed the vaccination schedule for their age was a protective factor against adverse outcome (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.35-0.87; P = .010).RSV is a common infection among young children with severe bronchiolitis; thus, developing a vaccine against RSV is essential. Campaigns to reinforce the importance of avoiding childhood exposure to cigarette smoke are also needed.

Prevalence and risk factors for gastroschisis in a public hospital from west México.

Mexico is recognized as a country with a high prevalence of gastroschisis, although the cause of this remains unclear. We define the prevalence and potential risk factors for gastroschisis in a public hospital from west México. A case-control study was conducted among 270 newborns, including 90 patients with nonsyndromic gastroschisis (cases) and 180 infants without birth defects (controls), born all during the period 2009 to 2013 at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" (Guadalajara, Mexico), from a total of 51,145 live births. Potential maternal risk factors for gastroschisis were compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the deviance explained by different variables of interest. The overall prevalence of gastroschisis in live births was 17.6 per 10,000 births (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0-21.2), whereas in offspring of women ≤ 19 years old was 29.9 per 10,000 births (95% CI 21.9-38.0). Mothers ≤ 19 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.8: 95% CI 1.5-5.1), anemia during pregnancy (aOR 10.7; 95% CI 2.0-56.9), first-trimester exposure to hormonal contraceptives (aOR 3.7; 95% CI 1.0-13.0), and first-trimester alcohol consumption (aOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.6-7.3), were associated with gastroschisis. Contrarily, adjusted OR for pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) has protective odds (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.5). Our results suggest an increased risk for gastroschisis among mothers under the age of 20, with anemia during pregnancy, and those who used hormonal contraceptives or consumed alcohol during early pregnancy, whereas, pre-pregnancy overweight has a protective OR, and they are discussed as clues in its pathogenesis.

[Preauricular tags: prevalence, clinical characteristics and maternal risk factors]. / Apéndice preauricular: prevalencia, caracteristicas clínicas y factores de riesgo materno.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence and maternal risk factors associated with preauricular tags. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A case-control study of 254 newborns with isolated preauricular tags not considered part of a syndrome and their controls, and who were delivered at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca between 1990 and 2003. The maternal risk factors were demonstrated by means of a direct interview with the mother. RESULTS: The prevalence of the isolated preauricular tags was 1.96 per 1,000 newborns alive, in a 1.2 men for each woman. The history of another affected relative was strongly associated with preauricular tags (OR 19.28; 95% CI: 4.44-117.60). Infants with preauricular tags frequently showed parents consanguinity (OR 3.04; 95% CI: 0.28-76.26), maternal age > or =35 years (OR 1.14; 95% CI: 0.53-2.48), exposure to some disease (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.72-2.12), and drugs use in the first trimester of pregnancy (OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.65-1.92). No associations were found for the frequency of abortion, exposure to organic solvents and maternal occupation. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of isolated preauricular tags in this population was similar to that reported in other regions of Latin America, but lower to the prevalences in Sweden and Israel. This malformation has an important hereditary component; however, it is probably that some teratogenic factors, such as diabetes mellitus, can increase its frequency.